Human biology
Science-backed resources on the workings of the human body.
- Organs and organ systems in the human body
This overview of the organs in the body can help people understand how various organs and organ systems work together. Learn more here.
- What are the gut microbiota and human microbiome?
Microbes are commonly associated with disease, but there are millions inside the…
- What are genes and why are they important?
Genes contain instructions for life and survival. New genetic discoveries offer…
- What is DNA and how does it impact health?
DNA is perhaps the most famous molecule on earth. Here we explain what it is…
The nervous system
- What to know about the brain
The brain is the human body’s control system, and is part of the central nervous system…
- Left brain vs. right brain: Fact and fiction
In this article, we assess the myth that people can be left-brained or right-brained, and…
- All about the central nervous system
The central nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord. It gathers information…
- A guide to the spinal cord: Anatomy and injuries
The spinal cord is a long bundle of nerves and cells that carries signals between the…
The cardiovascular system
- What to know about the cardiovascular system
The cardiovascular system, also known to some as the circulatory system, consists of the…
- Where is the heart in the body? Diagram, anatomy, and function
The heart is located in the chest, to the left of the center. The heart is responsible for…
- What to know about cardiac muscle tissue
Cardiac muscle tissue exists only in the heart. Here, it is responsible for keeping the…
- What to know about heart valves
The four valves of the heart prevent blood from flowing in the wrong direction, and open…
- What to know about arteries
What are arteries, and what does each type do? Here, learn about arteries’ roles in the…
- Artery vs. vein: What are the differences?
What are the differences between arteries and veins? Read on to find out about these blood…
The respiratory system
- How does the respiratory system work?
Learn more about the respiratory system here. This article covers how it works, what it…
- Everything to know about the larynx
The larynx is located in the throat and helps with breathing and making vocal sounds. Find…
- Trachea: Everything you need to know
The trachea is a tube-like passage that runs down the neck and upper chest, carrying air…
- What is the function and structure of the lungs, and how to do a lung…
The main role of the lungs is to transfer life-giving oxygen into the blood supply, but…
The digestive system
- Everything to know about digestion
What happens when we eat and during digestion? Here, learn about the parts of the…
- What to know about the stomach and other digestive organs
The digestive organs interact with one another. Read on about what digestive organs are in…
- How do the intestines work?
Learn more about the parts, dimensions, and functions of the intestines. We also describe…
- Anatomy and function of the colon
The colon is part of the large intestine, and it absorbs water and nutrients from food…
- What does the liver do and why is it important?
The liver is the largest solid organ in the human body and performs around 500 essential…
- Pancreas: Functions and possible problems
The pancreas is a gland organ in the abdomen. It plays a crucial role in digestion and…
The immune system
- How the immune system works
The immune system defends the body from invaders such as viruses, bacteria, and foreign…
- What to know about white blood cells
White blood cells are vital for immune system functioning. In this article, learn about…
- What to know about tonsils and adenoids
The tonsils and adenoids play a role in helping the body fight infection, but they can…
- How to stay healthy with a weak immune system
People with a weak immune system are more likely to get infections and to have severe…
The endocrine system
- Endocrine system: How it functions and potential conditions
The endocrine system produces hormones in the body. Learn more about the glands in this…
- Thyroid gland function, location, and common conditions
The thyroid gland produces hormones that affect metabolism, mood, breathing, heart rate…
- Adrenal glands: Functions and related disorders
The adrenal glands produce several important hormones. This article looks at their…
- What is the pineal gland?
Once called the third eye, the pineal gland is a gland located deep in the center of the…
Female & male anatomy
- A guide to female anatomy
Female anatomy includes the external genitals, or the vulva, and the internal reproductive…
- Female reproductive organ anatomy
The female reproductive system includes the ovaries, uterus, vagina, and vulva. Learn more…
- What does the inside and outside of a vagina look like?
Knowing what the inside of a vagina looks like can help people understand vaginal health…
- What to know about breast anatomy
What are the breasts? Read on to learn more about the breasts, in males and females…
- What to know about the anatomy of the male reproductive system
What is the male reproductive system and how does it work? Read on to learn more about the…
- What to know about the anatomy and function of the penis
What is the anatomy and function of the penis? Read on to learn more about the penis and…
- What size is the average penis?
Many people worry that their penis is not big enough, but that may not be the case. Here…
- What to know about penis health
There are many things a person can do to maintain a healthy penis, from adopting certain…
The skeletal system
- Bones: All you need to know
An introduction to bones. We discuss their function, the different types of bones in the…
- What are hinge joints? Anatomy and function
Hinge joints allow bones to move in one direction back and forth, much like the hinge on a…
- The temporal bone: Anatomy and function
The temporal bone is one of the thickest bones in the skull. In this article, we look at…
- All you need to know about bone marrow
Bone marrow is a soft, gelatinous tissue inside some bones. This article covers bone…
More on human biology
- Where are the kidneys located, what do they do, and what do they look…
The kidneys are essential for balancing the body’s internal environment. If they do not…
- What to know about the bladder
Learn about the bladder, conditions that affect it, tips to keep it healthy, and who to…
- Skin: How it works
The skin is our largest organ. Here, we explain what it’s made of, what it does, and how…
- Anatomy and functions of the subcutaneous layer
The subcutaneous layer, or hypodermis, is the deepest layer of skin tissue. It consists…
- The eyes and how they work
The eyes are complex organs. In this article, we look at their anatomy and how they work…
- Your guide to understanding teeth
The types of teeth are incisors, canines, premolars, and molars, and each serves a…
- All about the spleen
The spleen plays a role in the immune system and the blood. We will explain what the…
- What is a cell?
Our bodies contain trillions of cells. In this article, we explain what they are and what…
